009- Scott Haldeman, DC, PhD, MD: Pioneering and Contemporary Chiropractic Science

Haldeman1In this episode, it is my great privilege to interview Scott Haldeman, DC, PhD, MD.  Dr. Haldeman is a pioneer of chiropractic science and a world leader in spine research. Dr. Haldeman holds the positions of Adjunct Professor, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, and Clinical Professor, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine.

He is Past President of the North American Spine Society, the American Back Society, the North American Academy of Manipulative Therapy, and the Orange County Neurological Society, and is currently Chairman Emeritus of the Research Council of the World Federation of Chiropractic. He is certified by the American Board of Neurology and Psychiatry and is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada and a Fellow of the American Academy of Neurology. He is a Diplomat of the American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, the American Board of Electroencephalography and Neurophysiology and the American Board of Clinical Physiology. He also served on the US department of Health AHCPR Clinical Guidelines Committee on Acute Low Back Problems in Adults as well as four other Clinical Guidelines Committees. He presided over The Bone and Joint Decade 2000 to 2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders.

Scott Haldeman sits on the editorial boards of six journals, and has published over 200 articles or book chapters, over 70 scientific abstracts, and has authored or edited seven books. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree from the Southern California University of Health Sciences and an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the Western States Chiropractic College. He received the David Selby Award from the North American Spine Society. A resident of Santa Ana, California, he maintains an active clinical practice.

World Spine Care is a global charity on a mission to treat the disease with the greatest economic impact in the developing world: Spinal Disorders. To donate or volunteer to the project, please click below.

 

World Spine Care

 

For a list of Dr. Haldeman’s scientific publications please click here.

Here is a list of the publications we discuss during this interview:

1. The McAndrews Leadership Lecture: February 2015, by Dr Scott Haldeman. Challenges of the Past, Challenges of the Present.
Haldeman S, McAndrews GP, Goertz C, Sportelli L, Hamm AW, Johnson C.
J Chiropr Humanit. 2015 Nov 18;22(1):30-46. doi: 10.1016/j.echu.2015.09.001.
PMID: 26770177 [PubMed] Free PMC Article
Similar articles
2. A systematic review comparing the costs of chiropractic care to other interventions for spine pain in the United States.
Dagenais S, Brady O, Haldeman S, Manga P.
BMC Health Serv Res. 2015 Oct 19;15:474. doi: 10.1186/s12913-015-1140-5. Review.
PMID: 26482271 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
Similar articles
3. Commentary: we can tell where it hurts, but can we tell where the pain is coming from or where we should manipulate?
Brady O, Haldeman S.
Chiropr Man Therap. 2013 Oct 21;21(1):35. doi: 10.1186/2045-709X-21-35.
PMID: 24499590 [PubMed] Free PMC Article
Similar articles
4. Advancements in the management of spine disorders.
Haldeman S, Kopansky-Giles D, Hurwitz EL, Hoy D, Mark Erwin W, Dagenais S, Kawchuk G, Strömqvist B, Walsh N.
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012 Apr;26(2):263-80. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2012.03.006. Review.
PMID: 22794098 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Similar articles
5. Is it time to discard the term “diagnosis” when examining a person with uncomplicated axial neck pain?
Haldeman S.
Spine J. 2011 Mar;11(3):177-9. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.01.032. No abstract available.
PMID: 21377599 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Similar articles
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008- Spine Care Research with Dr. Michael Schneider

Dr. Michael Schneider - Chiropractic Science Podcast
Learn about Dr. Michael Schneider’s chiropractic research on this episode of Chiropractic Science.  Dr. Schneider is a 1982 graduate of Palmer College of Chiropractic and obtained a PhD in Rehabilitation Science from the University of Pittsburgh in 2008. Dr. Schneider has published over 40 peer-reviewed articles on various musculoskeletal topics, and has received over $3 million in US research grant funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). Dr. Schneider is currently implementing a large randomized clinical trial comparing various types of non-surgical treatment options, including chiropractic care, for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. We will discuss the clinical significance of his past and present chiropractic research efforts.

Topics for this episode include:

  • A paper published in the journal Spine comparing spinal manipulation and usual medical care for acute and subacute low back pain: a randomized clinical trial
  • Evidence and the chiropractic identity
  • An article regarding US chiropractors’ attitudes, skills and use of evidence-based practice: A cross-sectional national survey
  • A paper in Chiropractic and Manual Therapies describing on ongoing study consisting of 180 older adults (>60 years) who have both an anatomic diagnosis of stenosis confirmed by diagnostic imaging, and signs/symptoms consistent with a clinical diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis confirmed by clinical examination. Treatment is randomized into 3 groups: 1) usual medical care; 2) individualized manual therapy and rehabilitative exercise; or 3) community-based group exercise.
  • Three consensus documents for the chiropractic profession including: 1) chiropractic care in health promotion, disease prevention, and wellness; 2) chiropractic care of older adults and; 3) chiropractic care for infants, children, and adolescents.
  • An observational intervention study dealing with a hospital-based standardized spine care pathway. The study looked at implementing a multidimensional spine care pathway (SCP) using the National Center for Quality Assurance (NCQA) Back Pain Recognition Program (BPRP) as its foundation. In the study, chiropractors were the main providers.

Here’s the link to the Foundations of Evidence Informed Practice modules that Dr. Schneider mentions in this podcast.  The course is hosted at the the University of Minnesota Center for Spirituality & Healing – Advancing the health and wellbeing of individuals, organizations and communities.

http://www.csh.umn.edu/research/foundations-evidence-informed-practice-modules

 

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007- Advancing Chiropractic Research with Dr. Christine Goertz

Dr. Goertz
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Learn about the largest study of chiropractic to date, chiropractic effectiveness and cost studies and why there is so much heterogeneity in chiropractic research.  My guest on this episode of chiropractic science is Christine Goertz, D.C., Ph.D.  Dr, Goertz is Vice Chancellor of Research and Health Policy at Palmer College of Chiropractic. Dr. Goertz has extensive experience in the administration of both Federal and non-Federal grants, serving as both a PI (Palmer College of Chiropractic and the Samueli Institute) and as a funding official (NCCIH/NIH, Samueli Institute and PCORI).  She is a veteran integrative healthcare researcher, author and speaker.  Dr. Christine Goertz has served as a principal investigator or co-principal investigator for a number of large-scale, federally funded research studies including a $7 million, Department of Defense-funded collaboration with RAND and the Samueli Institute conducting the largest study of chiropractic to date (currently ongoing).  For over 20 years, she has addressed multidisciplinary science and health policy issues at the state and federal levels, serving as a member of the American Medical Association’s Measures Implementation and Evaluation Advisory Committee, Chair of the American Chiropractic Association’s Performance Measurement Task Force, and a program officer of the NIH National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine managing a portfolio focused on musculoskeletal disease, pain and health services research. She is a Fellow of the International College of Chiropractors. She received her doctor of chiropractic from Northwestern Health Sciences University and a PhD in Health Services Research Policy and Administration from the University of Minnesota.

20 for 20 Campaign to benefit chiropractic research

With $20, We can #ChangeLives.

We can be part of a small effort that will have a big impact. We can use research to help children with headaches or middle ear infections. We can improve access to chiropractic care nationwide. We can help train the chiropractic researchers of the future.

We’re in! Are You?

1995 – 2015: The Palmer Center for Chiropractic (PCCR) has significantly impacted the science of chiropractic for two decades, and has grown to become the largest and most productive chiropractic research center in the world.

Our goal is to celebrate 20 years of chiropractic research at Palmer by connecting with 20,000 friends who are willing to donate $20 each year toward the following key research efforts at the PCCR:

  • Initiate pilot studies in new areas of research that could lead to federal funding opportunities, such as studies on chiropractic for headaches in adolescents
  • Conduct research on how to improve access to chiropractic care within patient centered medical homes and accountable care organizations
  • Study the cost-effectiveness of chiropractic care in a rigorous manner
  • Provide training grants to help chiropractic students and professionals to become skilled chiropractic researchers
  • Develop studies focusing on chiropractic co-management for conditions for which antibiotics are no longer considered the first line of defense, such as chiropractic/pediatric co-management of otitis media in children, or chiropractic/primary care co-management of chronic bronchitis

Your support enables us to conduct rigorous clinical studies designed to provide evidence that lends validity, reliability, and continuity to the work of chiropractors worldwide.

Are you in?

Give Now!

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006- Brain Adjustments with Dr. Heidi Haavik

HeidiHaavik
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Learn what happens in your brain when a chiropractor adjusts your spine.  Dr Heidi Haavik is a chiropractor and a neurophysiologist who has worked in the area of human neurophysiology for over 15 years. Heidi has a PhD in human neurophysiology from the University of Auckland. Her work has been instrumental in building the base of scientific evidence demonstrating the efficacy of chiropractic care in improving people’s health and wellbeing. As a researcher, she has investigated the effects of chiropractic adjustments of dysfunctional spinal segments (vertebral subluxations) on somatosensory processing, sensorimotor integration and motor cortical output.

Dr Haavik is the Director of Research at the New Zealand College of Chiropractic where she has established the Centre for Chiropractic Research. Dr Haavik is also an Adjunct Professor at the University of Ontario, Institute of Technology in Oshawa, Canada and is a member of the World Federation of Chiropractic’s Research Council. Dr Haavik has received numerous research awards and has published a number of papers in chiropractic and neurophysiology journals. She has presented her work to both chiropractic and neuroscience communities around Australasia, North America and Europe. She is on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics and Journal of Chiropractic Education. She was named Chiropractor of the year in 2007 by both the New Zealand Chiropractic Association and the New Zealand College of Chiropractic Alumni Association.  She is also the author of a textbook – The Reality Check which describes in easy to understand language what happens in the brain when a chiropractor adjusts dysfunctional segments in your spine.

Read about Dr Haavik at her website, and get her book and posters at heidihaavik.com.  Subscribe to Dr Haavik’s research service at haavikresearch.com to get great evidence-informed marketing material for chiropractic practices including among other things, videos for your website that explain how chiropractic works.  Interested in donating toward her research efforts?  Contact her at haavikresearch.com.

HeidiDean2015

Dr. Haavik and Dr. Smith at the Ohio State Chiropractic Association Convention, 2015

reality check

Dr. Haavik’s book: The Reality Check

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005- Human Performance with Dr. Steven Passmore

Passmore Headshot 2012

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Listen to Dr. Dean Smith interview Dr. Passmore regarding the science relating chiropractic to human performance. Dr. Passmore is Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology & Recreation Management at the University of Manitoba.  He also holds adjunct appointments in the College of Rehabilitation Sciences at the University of Manitoba, the Research Department at New York Chiropractic College, and the University of Ontario Institute of Technology.  His expertise deals with human perceptual learning and motor control.  Dr. Passmore utilizes his theoretical and applied background in perceptual motor behaviour to explore performance-based outcome measures in an attempt to objectively determine population characteristics, movement outcomes and sustainability of interventions.  Dr. Passmore practiced as a chiropractor in the Buffalo Veterans Affairs Medical Center (2007-09), and is currently in practice in Manitoba. He has held competitive grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR), the Worker’s Compensation Board of Manitoba (WCB), Research Manitoba (RM), the Manitoba Medical Service Foundation (MMSF), and the Alexander Gibson Fund.

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004- Myofascial and Chiropractic Research with Dr. Srbely

Dr. John SrbelyListen to this great interview with Dr. John Srbely as we talk about his research interests in chiropractic, myofascial pain, myofascial trigger points and central sensitization.  Dr. Srbely is a researcher and Assistant Professor at the University of Guelph in the Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences.  He studies the physiologic mechanisms of myofascial trigger points and their role in the clinical expression and treatment of pain and joint/muscle dysfunction in chronic disease. A core theme to his research is the study of central sensitization which is a fundamental neuradaptive process associated with the pathophysiology of pain and disease.

Dr. Srbely’s research expertise and interests lie in the fields of clinical biomechanics and neurophysiology. He has a specific interest in the study of pain and joint function associated with aging and chronic disease such as osteoarthritis, myofascial pain and fibromyalgia. To this extent, he studies the physiologic mechanisms of myofascial trigger points and their role in the clinical expression and treatment of pain and joint/muscle dysfunction in chronic disease. A core theme to his research is the study of central sensitization. Central sensitization is a fundamental neuradaptive process associated with the pathophysiology of pain and disease, however, the impact of central sensitization on the physiologic expression of chronic myofascial pain and human mechanics/pathomechanics in chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis is poorly understood. Dr. Srbely’s research initiatives aim to develop novel/enhance existing treatment approaches in clinical pain management (diagnosis and treatment) and musculoskeletal biomechanics/pathomechanics associated with chronic diseases and aging.

View Dr. Srbely’s research at researchgate.net.

Here are some of the articles we discuss in this episode:

1.
Knowledge Transfer within the Canadian Chiropractic Community. Part 1: Understanding Evidence-Practice Gaps.

Kawchuk G, Bruno P, Busse JW, Bussières A, Erwin M, Passmore S, Srbely J.
J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2013 Jun;57(2):111-5.

PMID: 23754855 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
2.
Immediate effects of spinal manipulative therapy on regional antinociceptive effects in myofascial tissues in healthy young adults.

Srbely JZ, Vernon H, Lee D, Polgar M.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2013 Jul-Aug;36(6):333-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.01.005. Epub 2013 Jul 3.

PMID: 23830709 Clinical Trial.
3.
Spinal manipulative therapy and its role in the prevention, treatment and management of chronic pain.

Srbely J.
J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2012 Mar;56(1):5-7.

PMID: 22457535 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
4.
Chiropractic science: a contemporary neurophysiologic paradigm.

Srbely J.
J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2010 Sep;54(3):144-6.

PMID: 20808613 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
5.
Capsaicin-induced central sensitization evokes segmental increases in trigger point sensitivity in humans.

Srbely JZ, Dickey JP, Bent LR, Lee D, Lowerison M.
J Pain. 2010 Jul;11(7):636-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.10.005. Epub 2009 Dec 16.

PMID: 20015704 Clinical Trial.
6.
Knowledge Transfer within the Canadian Chiropractic Community. Part 2: Narrowing the Evidence-Practice Gap.

Kawchuk G, Newton G, Srbely J, Passmore S, Bussières A, Busse JW, Bruno P.
J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2014 Sep;58(3):206-14.

PMID: 25202148 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
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003- Chiropractic Neurophysiology with Dr. Bernadette Murphy

Dr. Bernadette MurphyListen to this great interview with Dr. Bernadette Murphy. This is an interview that all chiropractors and students will want to listen to! We talk about many interesting concepts such as the current state of neurophysiology research within chiropractic, neural adaptation in humans and the role of chiropractic adjustments in aiding the re-establishment of appropriate neuromuscular connections, how a chiropractic adjustment works and much more.  She is at the forefront of research regarding the neurophysiology of chiropractic.  Dr. Murphy graduated from Queens University in 1985 and the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College in 1989 before moving to New Zealand where she completed her MSc (1992) and PhD (1998) in Human Neurophysiology at the University of Auckland. She was a fulltime faculty member in the Department of Sport and Exercise Science from 1999-2007, where she established an MSc in Exercise Rehabilitation.  In January 2008, she returned to Canada and took on the role of Head of Kinesiology in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT).  She is the Director of the Human Neurophysiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory. The overall theme of her research is neural adaptation in humans and the role of physical interventions such as spinal manipulation and exercise in aiding the re-establishment of appropriate neuromuscular connections.  She has previously been awarded the World Federation of Chiropractic best scientific paper award (1995) and 3rd prize in 2007; the New Zealand Chiropractor of the year (2004) and the 2010 Ontario Chiropractic Association award for most significant contributions to research.  She has supervised numerous award winning Masters and PhD students and received significant research funding in New Zealand, Australia and Canada.

Dr. Smith and Dr. Murphy at University of Ontario Institute of Technology

 Dr. Murphy and Dr. Smith at University of Ontario Institute of Technology

View Dr. Murphy’s research at researchgate.net.

Articles that we talk about in this episode include:

1.
The impact of cervical manipulation on heart rate variability.
Shafiq H, McGregor C, Murphy B.
Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2014;2014:3406-9. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944354.
PMID: 25570722
2.
The role of spinal manipulation in addressing disordered sensorimotor integration and altered motor control.
Haavik H, Murphy B.
J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2012 Oct;22(5):768-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.02.012. Epub 2012 Apr 6.
PMID: 22483612 Review.
3.
Alterations in cortical and cerebellar motor processing in subclinical neck pain patients following spinal manipulation.
Daligadu J, Haavik H, Yielder PC, Baarbe J, Murphy B.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2013 Oct;36(8):527-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.08.003. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
PMID: 24035521
4.
Subclinical neck pain and the effects of cervical manipulation on elbow joint position sense.
Haavik H, Murphy B.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011 Feb;34(2):88-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.12.009.
PMID: 21334540
5.
Altered central integration of dual somatosensory input after cervical spine manipulation.
Taylor HH, Murphy B.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010 Mar-Apr;33(3):178-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.01.005.
PMID: 20350670
6.
Altered sensorimotor integration with cervical spine manipulation.
Taylor HH, Murphy B.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008 Feb;31(2):115-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.12.011.
PMID: 18328937

 

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002- Chiropractic Pediatric Research with Dr. Katherine Pohlman

Dr. Katherine Pohlman, Katie PohlmanListen to my chiropractic research interview with Dr. Katherine Pohlman.  Dr. Pohlman is a graduate student with the Department of Pediatrics. She earned a BSc in Biology from The Ohio State University and a Doctor of Chiropractic and MSc in Clinical Research both from the Palmer College of Chiropractic. In addition to her education, Dr. Pohlman has also had the opportunity to be the lead clinical project manager for several US federally funded clinical trials, including the largest trial in chiropractic history conducted in active-duty military personnel and a CIHR-funded team grant. Her overall goal is to become an independent clinician scientist investigating the safety and effectiveness and complementary and alternative medicines, especially chiropractic care, for use among the pediatric population.

We discuss several of the articles below:

1. Practice patterns of doctors of chiropractic with a pediatric diplomate: a cross-sectional survey.
Pohlman KA, Hondras MA, Long CR, Haan AG.
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010 Jun 14;10:26. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-26.
PMID: 20546582 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
Similar articles
2. Otitis media and spinal manipulative therapy: a literature review.
Pohlman KA, Holton-Brown MS.
J Chiropr Med. 2012 Sep;11(3):160-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2012.05.006.
PMID: 23449823 [PubMed] Free PMC Article
Similar articles
3. Study protocol for patient response to spinal manipulation – a prospective observational clinical trial on physiological and patient-centered outcomes in patients with chronic low back pain.
Xia T, Wilder DG, Gudavalli MR, DeVocht JW, Vining RD, Pohlman KA, Kawchuk GN, Long CR, Goertz CM.
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Aug 8;14:292. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-292.
PMID: 25106673 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
Similar articles
4. Barriers to Implementing a Reporting and Learning Patient Safety System: Pediatric Chiropractic Perspective.
Pohlman KA, Carroll L, Hartling L, Tsuyuki RT, Vohra S.
J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2016 Apr;21(2):105-9. doi: 10.1177/2156587215609191.
PMID: 26438719 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Similar articles
5. Core Competencies of the Certified Pediatric Doctor of Chiropractic: Results of a Delphi Consensus Process.
Hewitt E, Hestbaek L, Pohlman KA.
J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2016 Apr;21(2):110-4. doi: 10.1177/2156587215622769.
PMID: 26739669 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Similar articles
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001- Chiropractic Research with Dr. Gregory Cramer

Listen to my chiropractic research interview with Gregory Cramer, D.C., Ph.D.   Dr. Cramer graduated from The National College of Chiropractic [now National University of Health Sciences (NUHS)] in 1979 and was in clinical practice for five years with his father, David Cramer, DC, before pursuing a career in research and teaching. He received his Ph.D. in Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy) in 1987 from The Medical College of Ohio at Toledo (now University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences) and then began teaching and conducting research at NUHS, where he is currently Professor and Dean of Research. He is interested in human and animal research designed to determine the mechanisms of action of spinal manipulation, promoting evidence-based/informed CAM practice, and CAM “disciplines research.” He has worked on over two dozen federally and privately funded research projects related to these goals. He has received several awards for research, including the 2005 American Chiropractic Association Researcher of the Year Award, and has published over 150 abstracts, papers, and book chapters. He is co-author of a text entitled, “Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and ANS,” the third edition of which was published in 2013.

We discuss several of the articles below:

 

1. Correctly identify practitioners and put adverse events of spinal manipulation into perspective.
  Cramer GD, Smith DL.
  Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2014 Mar 4;6(1):5248. doi: 10.4081/or.2014.5248. No abstract available.
  PMID: 24744843 [PubMed] Free PMC Article
  Similar articles
2. Magnetic resonance imaging zygapophyseal joint space changes (gapping) in low back pain patients following spinal manipulation and side-posture positioning: a randomized controlled mechanisms trial with blinding.
  Cramer GD, Cambron J, Cantu JA, Dexheimer JM, Pocius JD, Gregerson D, Fergus M, McKinnis R, Grieve TJ.
  J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2013 May;36(4):203-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.04.003.
  PMID: 23648055 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
  Similar articles
3. Quantification of cavitation and gapping of lumbar zygapophyseal joints during spinal manipulative therapy.
  Cramer GD, Ross K, Raju PK, Cambron J, Cantu JA, Bora P, Dexheimer JM, McKinnis R, Habeck AR, Selby S, Pocius JD, Gregerson D.
  J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2012 Oct;35(8):614-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.06.007.
  PMID: 22902194 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
  Similar articles
4. Spinal Manipulation is Not an Emerging Risk Factor for Stroke Nor is it Major Head/Neck Trauma. Don’t Just Read the Abstract!
  Smith DL, Cramer GD.
  Open Neurol J. 2011;5:46-7. doi: 10.2174/1874205X01105010046. No abstract available.
  PMID: 21687558 [PubMed] Free PMC Article
  Similar articles
5. Zygapophyseal joint adhesions after induced hypomobility.
  Cramer GD, Henderson CN, Little JW, Daley C, Grieve TJ.
  J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010 Sep;33(7):508-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.08.002.
  PMID: 20937429 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
  Similar articles
6. Introducing the external link model for studying spine fixation and misalignment: part 2, Biomechanical features.
  Henderson CN, Cramer GD, Zhang Q, DeVocht JW, Fournier JT.
  J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007 May;30(4):279-94.
  PMID: 17509437 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
  Similar articles
7. Introducing the external link model for studying spine fixation and misalignment: part 1–need, rationale, and applications.
  Henderson CN, Cramer GD, Zhang Q, DeVocht JW, Fournier JT.
  J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007 Mar-Apr;30(3):239-45. Review.
  PMID: 17416279 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
  Similar articles
8. Introducing the external link model for studying spine fixation and misalignment: current procedures, costs, and failure rates.
  Henderson CN, Cramer GD, Zhang Q, DeVocht JW, Sozio RS, Fournier JT.
  J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 May;32(4):294-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2009.03.005.
  PMID: 19447266 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
  Similar articles

 

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